
Analysing and questioning the conventional wisdom of money creation and debt include David Graeber, an anthropologist and three economists, namely Steve Keen, Stephanie Kelton and in particular, Mary Mellor.
The key theme is that the state is the issuer of fiat currency and that it does not need to first collect taxes or borrow to be able to spend. If it issues more than it recovers back in taxes, the difference is added to money supply (or reduces money supply if it recovers more). Money supply is also added to by banks issuing loans or credit instruments owing to the fractional reserve arrangements. Similarly, contraction in money supply takes place by banks reducing their loan book. The state, acting through the central bank, also creates or removes money as a result of foreign exchange flows.
In order to regulate the quantum of money in the system, it can be a choice between the state’s action of issuing currency or recovering some of the money in the system through taxation; or by central bank action through the tools available to it; or a combination of the two..
Mary Mellor argues that the state should be the exclusive issuer of money and that money created by banks through creation of debt should end. This would also completely change the way we look at taxation. Taxes would not be collected by the state to make ends meet, but as a tool to withdraw excess money in the system.
While the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted by the UNO over seventy years ago, provides certain basic rights, irrespective of an individual “earning” these through competitive struggle, unlike what is envisioned by the predominant dog-eat-dog view.
The UDHR envisions:
- Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, and housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
- Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.
As with many third world countries, Pakistan suffers a deep-rooted class divide.
It is this class divide that, to my mind, that is the root cause of our economy remaining stunted, i.e., low level of spending by the bulk of the population results in the stunted economy.
Tens of millions of children suffer stunted growth owing to malnutrition and tens of millions are out of school, trying to supplement family incomes.
A large group of economists unfortunately still see individual self-interest instead of group-interest, as the driver of the economy. This predominant group have a strong opposition to the government/state intervening towards any attempt to fulfil the UDHR obligations. They believe that the market will ultimately fix the imbalance.
In order to keep the government under check, such economists insist that the state must live within its means, i.e., balance the budget, as is applicable to households.
These economists insist that should the government wish to spend beyond what it collects in taxes, it may borrow, to the extent it can from banks or the wealthy. However, it should not run a deficit, or as the worst case keep it very low.
Owing to the neoclassical thought, the poorer segment of society will remain entrapped where they are, with a few individuals being able to break out and have some upward mobility.
Money flow to the bottom of the pyramid is dependent on the use of power or force and not simply hard work and merit. Take for example a bonded labourer or many tillers existing in serfdom, no amount of hard work, skill or diligence will help them access better money flows.
How the money flow is managed can help grow the economy or keep it stagnant and under certain circumstances even end up in an implosion or revolts and chaos.
.Unlike till a few centuries ago, when the internal affairs of a society could evolve in isolation, any form of revolutionary chaos in any society today, will be impacted by external forces that come into play.
Societies, which have broken out of the poverty trap, have in most cases had one or more factors causing a reset in the inequality. These could be events like revolts or revolutions, wars or other calamities; something like the plague which reduced the workforce significantly, giving labour bargaining power. In absence of such events, it is most unlikely that those in power will willingly cede power.
In most societies, it has been the reset that makes the average person a consumer of not only the bare essentials but beyondany political leadership that is committed to pulling country like Pakistan out of the poverty trap will face a major challenge. Firstly, the traditional economists assert that the government does not collect enough taxes, thus it has little or no capacity to fix the problem. However, they reluctantly agree to a range of indirect subsidies and direct payments to the poorest, emanating out of various departments of the government, which have little or no coordination amongst them and end up distorting markets, as well as in promoting abuse such as, rent seeking, smuggling etc., which exacerbate the problem.
The direct payments to the weakest members of society are seen as a favour being doled out by taxpayers and looked down upon. There is a fair amount of reported abuse in the distribution as well. Add to that our import dependence and inadequate exports.
Looking at our history of the last 50 years (post East Pakistan), there are only 6 years when we were able to pay for our imports through a combination of exports and remittances. In other words, we borrowed foreign exchange to balance our books for 44 out of the 50 years.
Thus far we have focused on trying to collect more taxes and then had the administration try and direct the productivity to grow in its areas of considered choice. Thus, we have used a combination of command economy measures, coupled with an array of subsidies and at times unaccounted for support.
The solution would lie in a quiet, creeping revolution through Universal Basic Income (UBI), but before addressing, whether UBI can usher in a quiet revolution, without creating any chaos, it would be important to have a quick revisit of how money is created in the economy.
Where does money come from? A combination of the state actions and commercial (private) banks create it. The State prints or mints it (now a substantive portion electronically), but it also removes some of it from the economy by the amount it takes back in form of taxes, while the banks (electronically as well) also create money by issuing a loan or credit instrument in a customer’s name.
The reason the economists give for being against the government running a budget deficit, is the too much money created by the government is inflationary. However, the government is not the sole creator of money; it is created by banks as well.
Poverty and extreme inequality are not a natural state but are caused and maintained through use of power/force exercised through a combination of brain and brawn.
As a part of the well-meaning but misguided advice given to the politicians, we have legislated, what might work in a different environment, a minimum wage, but it cannot be enforced when there are not enough jobs to go around, especially when we also have child labour available freely, and to top that, unrewarded labour provided by women engaged in agricultural activity or simply as homemakers.
Governance arrangements should ideally evolve through the interaction of an empowered people in a society; anything handed down is likely to have flaws and these systems should favour those handing it down.
Amongst the elites who control the country, many are rent seekers, while some would be best described as carpetbaggers. They will continue with the current arrangements, which allows them investing in low, and even no value addition activities, which in return means that adequate number of jobs will not be created.
Many elites simply create wealth for themselves by acquiring real estate, often below market, and sitting on it. This low value addition of our economic and industrial activity leads to import dependence for consumption of not only luxury goods, but basics, including that of food items.
This means that our consumption supports job creation and prosperity elsewhere.
The Solution lies in Universal Basic Income (UBI).UBI is a regular payment direct into all citizens’ bank accounts by the State. But unlike Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) and EHSAAS, it is for everyone, and we would not need to identify those in need. There are several criticisms of UBI, which I am listing, but will address these later, as I go into its features and likely impact:
- As it is, the government is struggling to collect enough taxes; it just cannot afford the burden of income for everyone.
- In any event, it does not make sense to pay even those who are well off.
- It will add to the governments’ already high deficit, which has a strong correlation with the current account deficit.
- In other words, we will face an even bigger foreign exchange crisis.
- In the meanwhile, inflation will skyrocket.
- As it is, we have scores of subsidies.
- It will make people lazy and take away the desire to work, which will result in low self-esteem and no real challenges in life.
- Charities are best left to the citizens, not be dished out by governments.
Proposed structure of UBI.
- It will not be funded by taxpayers.
- It is not a charity or support meant for the downtrodden, but every citizen’s right.
- It will be structured to cover the minimum units of basics, such as nutrients, housing, clothing, energy, transportation, education, medical requirements etc., and, in this day and age, a minimum access to the internet as well. This is not an exhaustive list, but an indication of what needs to be covered. It will also require regular upgrading, so as to remain in line with developments in technology and evolution of consumer goods.
- The basic basket of essentials will need to be priced at current market and be kept inflation adjusted, every month if necessary.
- Given that the UBI can only be transferred to adults, it would need to be worked out for an average sized Pakistani family. Whatever that amount, half of that would go to each adult citizen. Thus, between a typical husband and wife, the family would be covered.
- On introduction of the UBI, all subsidies, direct, as well as hidden, must be removed altogether. This would include cross subsidies in energy prices, discounted prices through utility stores, tax breaks allowed on pensions etc., additional interest paid on Behbud accounts, as well as all existing BISP and EHSAAS disbursements etc.
- In absence of a well-researched calculation, as an immediate estimate, one could start with the minimum wage of say Rs. 25,000. This would translate to Rs. 12,500 per month to every adult.
- Also, very importantly, all indirect taxes, other than sin tax must be eliminated.
- The above works out to 7.5 trillion rupees per year, assuming 50 million recipients. This would be reduced to the extent of the savings on removal of all subsidies etc.
- Nevertheless, this clearly sounds daunting and this amount of money if pumped into consumer pockets suddenly will not see a matching supply of goods and services overnight. Especially if the indirect taxes are eliminated as well.
- While this would require proper research but given that these would be basic level of consumer needs, one should expect domestically sourced supply to start building up over a period of three to five years. Thus, the UBI and the associated arrangements will need to be rolled out gradually and built up to the target inflation adjusted amount. In particular, weaning the economy away from bank debt created money by gradually eliminating the fractional reserves system, it may take longer.
- While most economists will speak out against the inflationary impact one should expect, there are two factors to be kept in mind, firstly the bottom of the pyramid will not feel the pinch of inflation as the initial pay-out will be significantly more than the current BISP, and secondly, it will increase to the target amount over the next three to five years, duly inflation adjusted as well.
- However, given our import dependence, we would see a major pressure on the Current Account. The best way to deal with it is not to borrow foreign currency to meet consumption needs and allow the rupee to find a level without the tampering with the true market by not propping it up through borrowed dollars.
- This will have a further inflationary impact, where the bottom of the pyramid will once again be, as stated earlier, inflation protected, but everyone above that level will feel the pinch, especially the middle-income families who are used to certain standards of living. However, if the taxation system is overhauled and the government does not try to raise taxes to make ends meet, the middle-income families need not be taxed on their incomes, and, more importantly, the high incidence of indirect taxes would be abolished, providing considerable relief.
- At the same time, as the economy is weaned away from creation of money through the banking system, which will help balance out the growth in money supply and the consequential inflation.
- Nevertheless, while the inflationary impact on peoples’ purchasing power will be mitigated as elaborated above; there will be a likely increase in wealth inequality, as the property owners will see values of their assets go up. This is best addressed through some level of taxation on assets.
- Addressing one of the criticisms, i.e., why pay it to the already well off, is the solution of dealing with the inability to identify the genuine ones in need. Rather than identify millions of poor citizens who ought to be entitled to it, pay everyone, and then find the far fewer, well-off ones and tax them with a minimum of this amount. All payments of UBI would be connected to the CNIC, thus captured by the tax department records.
- The taxation structure will need a complete overhaul as well, not in terms of generating revenues, but in collecting it as money supply management, through a structure being suggested by Huzaima and Ikram, i.e., a broad-based low-rate tax, with an element of a minimum tax on a combination of income and wealth. While their proposal is based on the traditional approach of collecting revenues and includes an element of indirect taxes, my proposal seeks elimination of all indirect taxes, other than sin tax. Again, to my mind, taxation should be used, not as a revenue collection measure, but to some extent as a redistribution of wealth measure as well.
- I might add that under the MMT, direct taxation by the state is an essential part of generating economic activity, as the citizens need to indulge in economic activity to afford paying the taxes imposed on them. Indirect taxes do not achieve this.
- This naturally requires the rewriting of our Constitution, including the provincial distribution of the federal revenues. Businesses would also need to revisit their financing, if banks are prevented from creating money, while taxation will cease to be the main revenue for provincial distribution, new structures would need to be agreed for financing provincial budgets, as the provinces will continue to remain like household budgets. Lending by banks will represent the savings deposited with them without resorting to the traditional fractional reserve banking.
Assuming Pakistan to introduce UBI, mean that the people at the bottom of the pyramid would consume a lot more. This in turn will generate economic activity.
While the increased consumption of the bottom of the pyramid, will trigger economic activity, it will put a stress on our foreign exchange reserves, as a lot of our economic activity is currently import dependant. We import many raw materials, including steel, plastics, and chemicals. In addition, we import energy (Oil/LNG, Coal), edible oils, pulses etc., and at times wheat, cotton sugar etc. This in turn will put a pressure on the Pakistan Rupee and we may suffer significant devaluation, which in turn will be inflationary. Is that a problem? Perhaps it is the solution, as I will try and elaborate.
On the other hand, the other impact of leaving the exchange rate completely to the market, without borrowing dollars to support domestic consumption, would make domestic manufacturing more attractive relative to imports. The market would force the society to move towards domestic sourcing for its consumption. It would be supportive for exports as well.
To summarise
- Money in peoples’ pockets or purses, as a fundamental right, should create a virtuous cycle of economic development, promoting domestic manufacturing, as well as enhanced agricultural activity and widespread services.
- And it would be the empowered citizens who will demand better governance arrangements.
- Once every adult receives UBI, apart from the economic activity at the lowest level, it will transform the effort to empower all those currently suffering discrimination, including women and minorities.
- To sum it up, higher consumption by the majority of the population will result in higher economic activity for the country based on domestic sourcing (more jobs and reduced rent seeking) forced by the market driven exchange rate, which would also place us in a better position to export. Thus, a sustainable structure, rather than having to run to the IMF ever so often and at the same time, a more empowered and better off population overall.
A brief history of sunglasses, from Ancient Rome to Hollywood
kraken ссылка
Sunglasses, or dark glasses, have always guarded against strong sunlight, but is there more to “shades” than we think?
The pupils of our eyes are delicate and react immediately to strong lights. Protecting them against light — even the brilliance reflected off snow — is important for everyone. Himalayan mountaineers wear goggles for this exact purpose.
Protection is partly the function of sunglasses. But dark or colored lens glasses have become fashion accessories and personal signature items. Think of the vast and famous collector of sunglasses Elton John, with his pink lensed heart-shaped extravaganzas and many others.
When did this interest in protecting the eyes begin, and at what point did dark glasses become a social statement as well as physical protection?
The Roman Emperor Nero is reported as holding polished gemstones to his eyes for sun protection as he watched fighting gladiators.
We know Canadian far north Copper Inuit and Alaskan Yupik wore snow goggles of many kinds made of antlers or whalebone and with tiny horizontal slits. Wearers looked through these and they were protected against the snow’s brilliant light when hunting. At the same time the very narrow eye holes helped them to focus on their prey.
In 12th-century China, judges wore sunglasses with smoked quartz lenses to hide their facial expressions — perhaps to retain their dignity or not convey emotions.
A brief history of sunglasses, from Ancient Rome to Hollywood
кракен ссылка
Sunglasses, or dark glasses, have always guarded against strong sunlight, but is there more to “shades” than we think?
The pupils of our eyes are delicate and react immediately to strong lights. Protecting them against light — even the brilliance reflected off snow — is important for everyone. Himalayan mountaineers wear goggles for this exact purpose.
Protection is partly the function of sunglasses. But dark or colored lens glasses have become fashion accessories and personal signature items. Think of the vast and famous collector of sunglasses Elton John, with his pink lensed heart-shaped extravaganzas and many others.
When did this interest in protecting the eyes begin, and at what point did dark glasses become a social statement as well as physical protection?
The Roman Emperor Nero is reported as holding polished gemstones to his eyes for sun protection as he watched fighting gladiators.
We know Canadian far north Copper Inuit and Alaskan Yupik wore snow goggles of many kinds made of antlers or whalebone and with tiny horizontal slits. Wearers looked through these and they were protected against the snow’s brilliant light when hunting. At the same time the very narrow eye holes helped them to focus on their prey.
In 12th-century China, judges wore sunglasses with smoked quartz lenses to hide their facial expressions — perhaps to retain their dignity or not convey emotions.
Вот рандомизированный текст с использованием спинтакса и максимальным количеством вариантов:
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Thieves blow up museum door and steal ancient artifacts, including 2,500-year-old gold helmet
гей порно
Thieves have stolen four ancient artifacts, including an approximately 2,500-year-old gold helmet, after using explosives to break into a museum in the Netherlands.
The daring heist took place at Drents Museum in Assen during the early hours of Saturday morning, according to Dutch police, who said they received a report of an explosion at 3:45 a.m. local time.
CCTV footage released by police shows the suspects opening an exterior door before a blast sends sparks and smoke into the air. The thieves made off with three gold bracelets, dating from around 50 BC, as well as the 5th-century BC Helmet of Cotofenesti, a historically important artifact on loan from the National History Museum of Romania in Bucharest.
The items were part of an exhibition about the Dacians, an ancient society that occupied much of present-day Romania before being conquered by the Romans. On show since July, “Dacia: Empire of Gold and Silver” featured treasures borrowed from institutions across Romania.
In a press release on its website, Drents Museum described the Helmet of Cotofenesti — which was discovered in a Romanian village almost a century ago — as a “masterpiece.” Its design features mythological scenes and a pair of eyes, located above the wearers’, that were thought to deter enemies during battle while protecting against the “evil eye.”
The exhibition was set to conclude Sunday, though Drents Museum remained closed through the weekend due to the robbery. Its premises were damaged by the explosion, though no injuries were reported, the museum said.
Dutch police announced that they are working with global police agency Interpol and had, as of Sunday, received more than 50 tip-offs. Investigators are currently looking for information about a gray car that was stolen from the nearby city of Alkmaar earlier in the week and was discovered around four miles from the crime scene, on fire, shortly after the overnight heist.
Carrie Underwood slated to perform at Trump’s inauguration
kraken ссылка
Country music star Carrie Underwood is slated to perform “America the Beautiful” at President-elect Donald Trump’s inauguration, according to a copy of the program obtained by CNN and confirmed by a spokesperson for the inaugural committee.
“I love our country and am honored to have been asked to sing at the Inauguration and to be a small part of this historic event,” Underwood said in a statement to CNN. “I am humbled to answer the call at a time when we must all come together in the spirit of unity and looking to the future.”
The presidential oath of office will be administered by Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts with Justice Brett Kavanaugh expected to administer the oath of office to Vice President-elect JD Vance.
Trump’s inauguration as the 47th president of the United States will take place on January 20 at the US Capitol.
Underwood is a big get for Trump’s inauguration, considering Hollywood’s Trump blackout over the course of his political career.
In his first term and throughout the past three elections, Trump has struggled to garner support from major Hollywood stars. At the Republican National Convention last year, the two biggest stars onstage with Trump were musician Kid Rock and retired WWE wrestler Hulk Hogan – a far cry from a superstar at the height of their career, like Underwood.
The Grammy-winning artist is as high-profile as you can get in country music, not only with numerous platinum hits, but also with public-facing, mainstream business associations. Underwood is the face of Sunday Night Football and is set to make her debut this March as a judge on ABC’s “American Idol” – the singing competition show that catapulted her to fame when she won in 2005.
While many NFL fans will likely applaud Underwood for singing at the inauguration, any time a celebrity aligns themselves with Trump, they run the risk of alienating left-leaning fans and Hollywood allies.
Underwood has kept her politics under wraps over the course of her career. In her statement, she did not mention Trump by name and kept her focus on unifying the country – still, Underwood’s decision to publicly align with Trump is a big statement for any star, particularly one as private as the singer.
Historically, Hollywood has always been closely associated with the Democratic Party, but country stars have always been an outlier, leaning more conservative. In recent years, as new singers join the genre, country music has gotten to be more progressive. This past election cycle, country stars like Mickey Guyton and Maren Morris stood with Vice President Kamala Harris.
Aerodrome Finance: Unlocking Potential for Growth
The world of aerodrome finance is pivotal for ensuring the efficient operation, enhancement, and expansion of aerodrome facilities globally. With the increasing demand for air travel, understanding aerodrome financial processes is more important than ever.
aerodrome finance
Why Aerodrome Finance Matters
Aerodrome finance plays a critical role in the lifespan of airport projects, providing necessary funding from initial development to ongoing management. Here are key reasons why it matters:
Infrastructure Development: Secure financial backing enables the construction and maintenance of essential airport infrastructure.
Operational Efficiency: Adequate funding ensures that airports can operate smoothly, adapting to technological advancements and logistical demands.
Economic Growth: Airports serve as economic hubs; their development stimulates job creation and boosts local economies.
Aerodrome Finance Strategies
Various strategies can be employed to optimize aerodrome finance, ensuring both immediate and long-term benefits. Here are a few notable approaches:
Public-Private Partnerships (PPP)
These partnerships combine public sector oversight and private sector efficiency, leading to shared risks and rewards. They facilitate diverse financial resources and innovative solutions for airport projects.
Revenue Diversification
Exploring non-aeronautical revenue streams, such as retail concessions and property leases, can significantly bolster an airport’s financial resilience. Such diversification allows for a steady income flow independent of ticket sales.
Sustainable Financing
Adopting sustainable financial practices, including green bonds and ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) criteria, aligns with modern ecological standards and attracts environmentally conscious investors.
Challenges and Opportunities
While aerodrome finance offers numerous benefits, it also poses certain challenges. High capital costs, regulatory hurdles, and fluctuating passenger demands can impact financial stability. However, these challenges also present opportunities for innovation and improvement.
Tech-Driven Solutions: Embracing technology like AI and predictive analytics can enhance decision-making and financial planning.
Collaboration: Strengthening ties with stakeholders, including airlines and government agencies, can streamline financial operations and capital investments.
Ultimately, the goal of aerodrome finance is to support the sustainable growth and modernization of airports, ensuring their pivotal role in global connectivity remains strong.
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Роман Викторович Василенко – биография бизнесмена
Андрей Алистаров ОАЭ
Биография
Мнение
Роман Василенко – известный предприниматель и меценат. Бывший офицер, ушедший в запас с сохранением права ношения военной формы. Создатель альтернативной ипотеке социальной жилищной программы, позволяющей приобрести жилье не только трудоспособным гражданам, но также молодежи, лицам с ограниченными физическими возможностями, пенсионерам.
Биография
Родился 5 апреля 1969 года в Ленинграде, в семье морских офицеров. Детство Романа Василенко прошло в стандартных для многих военных семей условиях – в разъездах. Окончил школу в гарнизоне на Дальнем Востоке, после чего поступил в Ярославское высшее военное финансовое училище. Этот факт говорит о целеустремленности будущего бизнесмена – к абитуриентам военных училищ всегда предъявляются жесткие требования при отборе.
После присвоения воинского звания в 1990 году Роман Василенко продолжил службу офицером в ВМФ. Уволился в запас в 1998 году в звании капитана третьего ранга (майор).
Первые годы в бизнесе
Еще во время службы в армии Роман Василенко начал задумываться о предпринимательской деятельности. После увольнения он работал в финансово-консалтинговых компаниях, при этом активно учился – посещал все доступные на тот момент бизнес-курсы: в Венгрии, Австрии, США, Швейцарии, на Маврикии и Кипре. Степень MBA получил во Франции. Суммарно в финансовом консалтинге бизнесмен проработал около 16 лет.
Все это время Роман Василенко, по отзывам знавших его людей, стремился к чему-то большему. Он мечтал не просто об известности и собственном, хорошо отлаженном бизнесе. Ему хотелось создать проект, который будет полезен людям и обществу.
Первый шаг оказался неудачным. В 2013 году он, вместе с партнером, создал собственную компанию. Благодаря его безупречной репутации и умению держать слово, дела резко пошли вверх. Но произошло то, что часто случается при излишней доверчивости – воспользовавшись удобным случаем, компаньон переоформил все документы на себя, оставив Романа Викторовича буквально ни с чем. Бизнесмен решил принять ситуацию как ценный опыт и продолжил интересоваться инвестированием.
2014 год оказался поворотным в биографии Романа Викторовича – его пригласили на круглый стол, состоявшийся в Государственной Думе. Заседание было посвящено проблемам молодежи в свете утечки мозгов за границу. Главными причинами отъезда были названы нехватка жилья и невозможность найти достойную работу. Именно тогда и оформилась идея с конкретной целью – дать возможность людям жить достойно здесь и сейчас.
Роман Василенко – жилищный кооператив как альтернатива ипотеке
Наиболее предпочтительным вариантом оказалось объединение опыта в сетевом маркетинге и жилищного вопроса, к чему немедленно и приступил Роман Василенко. Best Way был создан в 2014 году. С момента основания принципиальной позицией работы компании стала прозрачность и абсолютная доступность информации для обычных пользователей.
Как говорит сам Роман Василенко, участие в кооперативе можно рассматривать как покупку квартиры в складчину. Пайщик вносит 35% от стоимости квартиры, оставшуюся сумму 65% платит кооператив из собранных средств. Участник выплачивает долг беспроцентно в течение 10 лет, после чего жилье переходит в его собственность. При этом у него есть право прописаться и въехать в купленную квартиру сразу же после оформления сделки купли-продажи.
В 2025 году вопрос активации Windows 10 останется важным для многих пользователей, стремящихся обеспечить безопасность и стабильность своих устройств. Несмотря на появление новых версий операционной системы, таких как Windows 11, Windows 10 продолжит поддерживаться Microsoft с обновлениями безопасности и функциональности. Ключ активации, представляющий собой уникальную комбинацию символов, позволит подтвердить легальность вашей копии и получать доступ к критически важным обновлениям.
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